Bud infestation by a moth, flower predation by the beetle, Popillia impressipyga and bud and flower mounds significantly limit fruit set rate. The flowers are many-ovuled but only a single ovule forms seed and hence, fruit and seed set rates are the same. The plant is self-incompatible and obligate out-crosser. Further, the floral traits suggest generalist pollination system adapted for a guild of pollinating insects. The floral traits suggest a mixed pollination syndrome involving entomophily and anemophily together called as ambophily. It is a mass bloomer with flowering during dry season. Syzygium alternifolium is a semi-evergreen mass-flowering tree species of dry deciduous forest in the southern Eastern Ghats of India. This plant serves as a key nectar source for butterflies at the study site where floral nectar sources are scarce during the summer season. tinctoria and butterflies is mutual and such an association is referred to as psychophilous. Therefore, the study shows that the association between W.

But, the clustered state of the flowers is energetically profitable for butterflies to reduce search time and also flight time to collect a good amount of nectar such a probing behaviour is advantageous for the plant to achieve self- and cross-pollination. The flowers being small in size with a small amount of nectar compel the butterflies to do a more laborious search for nectar from a greater number of flowers. Nymphalids are very diverse and utilize the flowers until exhausted.

A variety of butterflies visit the flowers for nectar and in doing so, they pollinate them. The flowers are long-lived and attractive to butterflies. The inflorescences with clusters of flowers provide an excellent platform for foraging by butterflies. The nectar is hexose-rich and contains the essential amino acids such as arginine and histidine and the non-essential amino acids such as alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glysine, hydroxyproline, tyrosine, glutamic acid and serine. The floral characteristics such as the white colour of the flower, lack of odour, short-tubed corolla with deep seated nectar having 15-18% sugar concentration are well tailored for visitation by butterflies. It shows massive flowering for about a month during March-April. Wendlandia tinctoria is a semi-evergreen tree species. tomentosa serves as a keystone species for bees and butterflies because this is the only prominent and profuse flowering species during dry season in the study region. further, the local uses of flowers and leaves of this plant appear to be negatively affecting its reproductive success. the plant is not able to populate itself in its natural area. Seeds are non-dormant and germinate readily but their continued growth and establishment is subject to the availability of soil moisture and nutrients. the nectar is sucrose-rich and contains essential and non-essential amino acids. Honey bees and blue-banded digger bees feed on pollen and effect only accidental pollination. the papilionid and pierid butterflies, and sphingid hawk moth pollinate the flowers while collecting nectar.

the fruit set largely occurs through geitonogamy and xenogamy. they possess secondary pollen presentation mechanism as a device to avoid autonomous autogamy but it does not prevent geitonogamy. the flowers are hermaphroditic, strikingly protandrous, self and cross-compatible, nectariferous and psychophilous. Pavetta tomentosa is a massive bloomer for a brief period during may-June.

Pellucid hawk moth colors